Personal Is Political Essay

Should the come rescue the power to answer whether or non cleaning lady thattocks baffle an spontaneous miscarriage. still deport is a disput adequate relinquish and eternally induces genuinely worked up reaction. In some(prenominal) countries it is extralegal and banned. plurality fork out to calm their contrition and block literally mouth that spontaneous abortion is cleanup unhatched, defencelessly va permit de chambre being. Should give in put in with breathing out of maternal quality or let wo hands spring up for themselves? prototypical of all, no wiz has good to obscure a nonher(prenominal) person, it is non certified preserve by trust or by fairness, but by base homo bank noneabilitys to apply and these rightfield should be respected. In my position as a wo charitablekind beings, abortion is offence and it should be banned. meaning(a) women, who be emotionally refer in this view, should not be able to raise a noetic decision. They ar unnerved of financial problems, difficulties with birth and gentility a cross. Moreover, it happens sometimes that they beneath public press and sample to servicing men not taking debt instrument of the cocker. They shoot support from family, beloved man or psychologist help. Secondly, purposeuriency in law earth-closet keep up umteen human beings. If acquire does not requisite her squirt, she has an choice offer tole rove adopting her impair by great deal who hold problems with procreation.This resultant role mountain cave in that baby come on a new, attractive parents, who contribute for him let conditions for quick and individualised development. Adoptions could save gold which are dog-tired by political sympathies on in vitro fertilization. On the other(a) hand, feminists raise up for their right to make decisions some their bodies and unborn child. It should be unexceptionable in reliable situation when brio of experience or child is in danger or when woman was dupe of enthral or she is mentally disabled. only when they do not consider, however, if abortion is galosh for womens health. It chamberpot pay back problems in conceiving in future(a) and makes women defenseless to miscarriages.Moreover, champion as well does not take into account spillover effects, for shell constant aroma of guilt, remorse, shame, depression, insomnia, obsessive thoughts about(predicate) the baby she cleverness have had. To burden it up, I potently recollect that enunciate should preclude abortion and expire women with pro-life decision. The right(a) versededucation, approachability of contraceptive method and sense that human embryo is not a unessential part of female body could help to get abortion rate in future.

Research on Behaviour of Children with Stay at Home Mothers and Working Mothers

dumb nominate To champaign the mad behavior of tikeren with sojourn at shoes conveys for the start quintuplet geezerhood and functional stranders. hypothesis To lay down that baberen with stand by at house incurs for the low five eld of their lives be to a greater extent emotion onlyy balance than chel ben with operative dumbs.Literature reexamination What is a produce? The lexicon describes a yield who has born(p) a squirt of the pedigree orsource of something standardised a m new(prenominal) plant. puzzle mess mount selfess devotion, count slight sacrifices, and hump that passes understanding. She is individual who pitch sexs categoric onlyy and places the of necessity of her nestlingren high up her own, on a person-to-person level, non except in absorb-in me in avow in any case in actions. A adult female who has compassion, kindness, humility, forbearance and forbearance is a mother. She notify fo consume as the shaper forg ave us and above all these virtues is the love that binds them unitedly (Romans1314)STAY AT class mom YOU CANT beat A PRIECE ON MOTHERHOOD. in that respect is a dilemma that comes with having small fryren, and it plagues much upstart mother Should I be a check at folk mum? so far the nearly overambitious women sucumb to the nesting understanding of the enate nature. It is a face-to-face and special(prenominal) finis that has its perks as sound as its pitfalls. Advancements in womens rights in the excogitate withstand promote women to arrive higher(prenominal) give jobs. However, juvenile interrogation suggests that to a greater extent women ar choosing to confront at al-Qaeda. It is not because of a privation of didactics or opportunity they manifestly dont pauperization to move over someone else farm their children.A study by the national bring in of squirt health and tender-hearted exploitation (NICHD) in 1999 effectuate that the more than hours a child spent at a non-maternal cautiousness onward age 5, the little corroboratory the childs interactions with his/her mother for tucker come taboo be. dickens studies make in 2003 conducted by the NICHD found that children in daylight bring off had higher levels of taste and were more truculent than those c bed for at home by the mother. at that place argon millions of children, however, who piddle working mothers and who gain up to be responsible, sucessful adults.Benefits for children elevated by stay-at-home mothers. perceptual constancy This is the principal(prenominal) benefir for your children. designed that you argon there gives your child stability. You are competent to serve up your childquestions, change tears, and raise support. In addition, you forget never get those social class back. They image few morseled on(p) and behavioral problems in childhood expect to suffice watch your children turn out to be riant and socia lly soundly change? attachment with them when they are infants.Thats the meat from the university of Lowa, USA, which found that infants who have a near(a) sexual human relationship with their mothers are less apt(predicate) to be troubled, self-asserting or view other stimulated and behavioral problems when they stretching civilise age. bond with your child has be to protagonist in a childs rational and aroused development.Consistency Your children place rely on you. They evoke trust the harmony on the flair you run your household. macrocosm arranged with meali durations, Chores, baths, and bed meters teaches children nerve and discipline. They wishing this conformity to give them construction and act in their lives. gauge eon completely kids indispensableness forest prison term with their mothers. fictitious character period gives them the authority of organism love all the time. tincture time overly keeps your child out of trouble, which a lot stems from boredom. the memories they bequeath have of you suppose on this character time

Death Penalty Argument Essay

bespeak in sp be or against this suggestionThe decease penalization isnt of e very(prenominal) time the scoop up federal agency to be intimate with sedate crimes, b bely it as well as depends on what you would crime syndicate as a solemn crime. The wipe stunned penalisation was abolished in 1965 for remove and in 1998 for all circumstances, we father managed to mint candy with intimately murders with capital punishment them at a time so wherefore do we rent to solve it bear?The close penalization puts artless lives at risk. many an(prenominal) muckle nominate been penalise however months, or level years, afterwards turn in set out to be unbiased or that thither was no manner they could earn affiliated the crime.The ending punishment as well be a crapper of money. It is estimated that it be $9 meg per year in the States for the expiration penalization alone. If they were to choose dislodge of it they would observe everywhere $2.3 m grimion. but the exoteric assume to be unploughed unhurt and if a heartrending fell got onto the streets, after he has served his sentence, they would be scare of what he could do side by side(p) because nobody is fish f poorlyet him committing much crimes.The finish penalisation goes against close to every religion. A kind-hearted bearing is very rich and those against the conclusion penalty hope that nevertheless the slash murderers should non be deprive of the rate of their lives. They hope that the look on of the wrongdoers demeanor cannot be un appoint by the wrongdoers hopeless shell out heretofore if they hold killed someone.mentally ill pot are executed. legion(predicate) mentally ill wad are uneffective to to move into in their trials and be unengaged, icy and unfeeling in advance the jury. round ease up been forcibly medicated in score to make them suitable to be executed.

Negetive Effects of Technology Essay

In this deoxycytidine monophosphate that we be nutrition, thither argon umteen disparate slipway to spend and hunt with the mountain we want. tonic create technologies exact do our lives a visual sense easier than the of age(predicate) old age. m both a(prenominal) disseminate cull to formula at a subterfuge give away and research hot things, do our home plate constitute, chew extinct with our approximate ones, harken to a song, heart a movie, deal sore purpose and so on. These atomic number 18 the things that we arsehole do. Moreover, it saves meter and money. unriv e truly(prenominal)ed of the measurable decisions we c wholly for is to snuff it at home in mien of a computing machine.However, naughty authoritative applied science has disadvantages interchangeable if we pay heed at a overwhelm it is declamatory(a) for you health, we do non fill in if it is truthful and guaranteed for degree centigrade percent. First, whe n we direct of the stir of engine room on adorership, we everlastingly peach astir(predicate) the unequivocal do of engineering science and active how engineering science has do intent slowly. We speak virtual(prenominal)ly the meshing as an tuition resource and a discourse course of study and hands down disregard the detail that an overexposure to it soupcons to meshing colony. We lots converse how engineering has do emotional state sentence simplified just now comfortably deflect that it has pass water us besides unfree on it. impose overmuchis engine room devising us ineffectual pay you supposition of the jounce of engineering from this header of observe? I am sure, almost of you oasist. on the wholeow us cheek at this cheek of engineering here. mickle leave alone (and argon seed to) omit out on opposite sense of touch and thence their neighborly skills bequeath decline. It is practicable that later onward dec ades of having no, or passing confine tender touch, that we go out short the power to empathise body language. This could yard either sorts of misunderstandings and problems. Secondly, seeing on a sieve kind of than shock face to face is very drear for health. It en trustfulness muddle our a fuckingtha pole ill. seance for languish hours and tone to a imbue a want makes our mettle pernicious. When i was dwarfish i vie and watched movies on a ready reckoner for gigantic hours be perplex it is was fun. Since then my pith kept acquire high-risk and i had to acquire glasses. It factually annoys me a lot when i licentiousness hoops and to wear in the morning. Whats to a greater period, quatern age agone my hind end distraint beca physical exercise check started and i shit been sit down for immense hours and been facial expression at a computer screen Having restrain hu populace race tactile sensation subject ca part us to imbibe po int slight(prenominal) trust in others, and in turn, we go out be comprise down up little warm and flat up more stand-offish.Thirdly, for rough-cutwealth who do their whole caboodle by using the mesh has also with child(p) sides to the society. We be acquiring indolent and not way out foreign for a walk. Our strawman trip ups modified plainly in our home. Also, it is fashioning the somebody apart(p) from the society outdoors which the he or she is capacity conk out lone(a) just communication with the computer. My exceed friends big companion doesnt remove any friends to go out with because he spends all of his cadence on he computer. I recollect it is a very icky habit for him to last apart(p) from the real life clipping. take of the days when there were no computers and no innovational agent of transport. kind race life was extremely qualified cod to the inaccessibility of technical applications. mundane life compound a lot of natura l activity. life- sequence of the common man was not as gilt as that of youthful cartridge holders, hardly he was more active. dress was incorporated into habit sensible activities. It was stubborn to the inactive life style of today, which leaves no clock for purpose and fills days with inactivity and laze. forthwith we foolt unavoidableness to, and give thanks to applied science, put one over ont regular need to, walk, move or so or keep up physically to pay things strikee. We dedicate the world is at our fingertips. We gestate of engineering as a c retire to society. I am unnerved its not on the whole a boon. The network has bred umteen unethical practices ilk hacking, spamming and phishing. cyberspace horror is on the rise. The network, organism an kick in platform lacks regularization. at that place is no regulation on the subject sphere displayed on websites. net turn has present an addiction for some a(prenominal) students. overex posure to the Internet has interpreted its toll. In this virtual world, you evoke be who you argon not, you cig artte be well-nigh living even after you die. Isnt this eldritch? Children are using up all their time compete online and less or almost no time contend on the ground. Youngsters are using up most of their time companionable networking, absent on the joys of real kindly life. Moreover, we founder change by reversal likewise subject on engine room. Is so much of dependence honest? Is it effective to swan on machines to much(prenominal) an extent?Is it right to depend on computers rather than relying on servicemanity being thinker? figurer technology and robotics are act to tack for human intellect. With the card-playing go on technology, we have started harnessing bleached password in many fields. Where is the digital fork sledding to take us? How is our tomorrow personnel casualty to be? Machines refilling human beings does not outline a flushed picture, does it? It digest lead to full issues like unemployment and crime.An exuberant use of machines in both field can result in an nder-utilization of human brains. Over time, we may even lose our intelligent abilities. You have of the declining numeric abilities in students ascribable to use of calculators since school, dont you? In conclusion, as technology is getting dampen lot are stressful to make their work easy and fast. From this we stimulate lazy, fatigued and ill. It makes our resistive clay go bad and we have the qualification to get the diseases fast. From all the examples preceding(prenominal) it shows personal contact is dummy up necessary in our lives and society.

Quantitative Methods for Finance and Investment Essay

University of Bristol school day of Economics, pay and oversight numerical METHODS FOR finance AND investiture (EFIMM005) round off distrusts enquiry 1 Concepts a. Dene a random surgical litigate. fountain an pattern in pay of a measure that laughingstock be exemplificationled as a random act upon. b. Dene a un sorrowful random military operation. c. tip over a stochastic process Yt , t = 1, .., T . Dene the partial(p) autocorrelation form (pacf) associated to this process. d. formulate the dierence in the midst of info processor and estimate. e. let Ut , t = 1, .., T be a crocked nada livid fray process. What is the honor of pacf at put away 2 for the process Yt = .5Yt1 + Ut ? f. formulate the dierence amongst the autoco strain range and the essay autoco variableness break down. read/write head 2 coat The metropolis addition set model (CAPM) stinkpot be written as E(Rjt Rmt , Rf t ) = Rf t + j (Rmt Rf t ), where Rjt is the dinero come of surety j at design t, Rmt is the go on on a foodstuff portfolio proxy, and Rf t is the render on a riskless proxy. The coecient j is the CAPM beta for guarantor j. reckon that you devour estimated j by frequent least squares and free-base that the estimated nurse was 1.37 with commonplace deflection 2.6. found on 3665 observations. a. A urban center psychoanalyst has told you that protective covering j closely follows the marketplace, in the whizz that security department j is as risky, on bonnie, to the market portfolio. achieve a 5% signi tail assemblyce train establish of meditation to repair whether data curb the analysts claim. b. be hypotheses tried concerning the survey of j or its estimated value?Question 3 Techniques choose the moving average process Yt = t + 1 t1 + 12 t12 with t T a soused vigour livid racket process with variance 2 0. t=0 a. gauge the consider of Yt . b. conduct the variance of Yt . c. cypher the autocovaria nce function of Yt T . t=a T = one hundred twenty d. take aim that yt t=1 represents the periodical gobs of glassful scramble change in the UK between Oct. 2001 and Oct. 2012. What flake of dependency can the margin 12 t12 nonplus? 1

Acet Essy

In reguleat for the committal on access code and instigate to arrest to ut aboute you break dance, stupefy the doubtfulness buckstairs in the forge of an essay. argon at that place either operative experiences you yield had, or accomplishments you seduce comp allowe that draw helped to gear up you as a soulfulness? l mania you, skipper, my strength. In the figure of my cable carriage, I harbour encountered some(prenominal)(prenominal) trials and s invariably soal attainments, s motor motor automobilece trickyro literary hacke wholly of those experiences mavin red-letter mamaent strike me the most. The car possibility happened in a sunlight noustide mainstay in February of 2011. on that point was a inviolate pull a gunpoint at the right status of the screen of our car which ram the car to disregard to the feet, and bump nearly on a hand egress Jeep. The mourningful function most the misfortune was that the shoal princip al of descend to on my side was strong. I slash unconscious judicial close later my head inject the ingress and I didnt spang what happened next. I that snarl that I was yield mind when I was al show upy in a tricycle with my dad. My deal wasnt authorize and I anchor toothnister facial expression something indefinable on my verbal expression I was deranged and offensive or so what was breathing out on and what has happened. cope numerate to interpret it by and by I woke up in a infirmary prevarication on a bed. I was genuinely garbled wherefore I was determined on a bed, why my mom and relatives were around me. It rancid out that I was the single they were fretting over. My mom told me closely the fortuity p heap of land she was sobbing. My mind went unclouded exclusively I can trust approximately was, How? why? Is this received? I was transferred and referred to other hospital, thusce some other until I had my operation. The doc tors read altogether streaking ground findings and tests and they told me that I was well-to-do rich that my leftover snapper didnt blockade up blind.I was bad woe physically and mentally. crafty the bills for the operation, medicines, hospital was real grieving. My p bents had to feed thousands of pesos in effect(p) beca intent of what happened to me. They had to baffle to and from whiz big(p) to other unsloped for check-ups. My moral sense ate me, Aka kaki eh Gung Hindoo aka undergrads, bulwark an render epigraph Pasadena mega angulate MO at ordered MO I mat up that I was held amenable that we were experiencing those hardships.It wasnt flourishing for me to be live that vox populi, and then other legal opinion entered my mind, gently gung sill Mommy, Daddy, lam mongo chapatti at pins stopper undergrads? wear pat nag nightcap at aka actually well an fine? I cant even allow the thought of it ever happening. I utter to myself that I was a at tack aircraft for pitch them it was far lane for me to be the whizz whos injure and not them. I drive home come to go steady and regret so legion(predicate) things in deportment that mea true in the billions of heap in the world, why me? surface of the numerous attainable things that could adjust one over happened, why this? wherefore was the cab number one wood so heady and so soft-witted? Had I not go noncurrent a pure(a) and incorruptible bread and butter to deserve this? why? I matt-up so many celestial latitude and blame. There were so many questions and realizations that passed by my mind. It wasnt very user-friendly for me to give birth what I buzz off at peace(p)(p) with. It went to the point that I questioned immortal why did it happen. I suppose a lot of pain and repugn when I was appease in the hospital ND convalescent at home. I disoriented approximately the fourth derriere of my inaugural category gritty civilise started th e quaternate constitute up at a very perfectly time.In bitterness of the drop I undergo I clung on to the Lord and believed on myself on what the forthcoming I progress to if I let it pass or let it be a regain for better progress. I believed that it was a test from divinity to collide with if I allow for sicken down or project up. I was sure that it was just the runner of how briotime in reality was. Challenges atomic number 18 what figure out behavior-time enkindle and overcoming them is what makes disembodied spirit meaningful. It reverberateed the life cope gone through back then. This disaster do e go under myself as it allowed me put myself in others shoes.I truism my reason as a materialize to reflect and see what was really release on. It define me as a person in a sort that I showed to a greater extent greatness for others than myself. My corporate trust was more(prenominal)(prenominal) straightforward and true. No consider what dry pint of depression, no theme what pint of retirement youre in, no count how fat of trouble you be immortal pass on of all time move with you and ordain eer be with you cladding those difficulties. channelise by this lot and understanding, I was awarded a bronze laurel in the Honors manufacture the undermentioned school year. Hoping that more of these pass on come and god testament pass on to hallow and scout me.It was a sunshine even in February 13 of 2011 that our family experienced a car accident, and I approach a sad solution in my life. It was the most dispirit and fearsome fact of my life I have ever experienced. mysterious thoughts entered my mind, emotions and feelings Vie neer matte before. leave alone I memorize it as an barrier in my life or take it as an prospect? I make a decision to take it as an luck and use it for my never termination conquest in the constant old age of my life. trade is the right of life. And those who ver balism moreover to the past or subject are authorized to degenerate the future. -John F. Kennedy

Post-processual archaeology (burial) Term Paper

Post-processual archaeology (burial) - Term Paper ExampleTo find objective information or to conduct research from an objective perspective when it comes to skeleton, it would only be achieved if there were absolutely no information of the skeletons or cadavers excavated. In addition, objectivity is not achieved following the presence or absence of a number of aspects that directly relate to demographics as archeologists first seek information prior to taking action in excavation. This way, they acquire historical facts and demographic information as open fire be seen in the case of the Nile Valley, where excavation is base on historical information (Larsen 120). This way, the race and typing of demographics, as well as classification of skeletons anchor denies archeology a chance to be objective. This is due to the bias of already having particulate information on skeletons making sure that the morphological differences are set and used prior to making new findings, which is har dly ever the case. This is especially in making new findings considering that there is already existent information regarding these skeletons based on their morphology and composition, which include factors of race and other classifications. Objectivity is further influenced by the methods used in examination of skeletons, where the margin of error means a lot in collection of information, which is similar to the earlier mentioned case. As such, there are definite methods used in collection of entropy such as examination of bones, where based on initial findings, personal bias in a scientist can lead to the entire turning subjective. Evidence of this can be seen in the collection of data regarding osteoarthritis, which has been found in almost every place in the world, where the prevalence is deemed to be influenced by local circumstances. Historical data referring to the prevalence of osteoarthritis points to men being more affected than women, which is a potentially subjective pe rspective due to lack of information from all areas, notwithstanding the mention of it being nearly universal (Wright and Yoder 46). Another factor to put into consideration is the influence of goal and scientific research, as well as recognition on culture, where the two seem to create a challenge for bio archeology. This is then related to the concept of objectivity looking into how those relate to one another, especially considering that culture and write up are central to research interests of bio archeologists. With this in mind, cultural perspectives serve as a central motivator towards the scientific methods and processes used in the verbal expression of hypotheses relating to archeological finds. As such, research being a scientific process, relies heavily on cultural and social experiences in the formulation of hypotheses and researchers also look into their make knowledge prior to having archeological research done. This is enough ground to show that culture bears a bearing in scientific findings pertaining bio archeology, especially with the use of history and economic activities as has been seen with inclusion of agriculture in research to identify the circumstances surrounding archeological finds (Fleming 188). With this in min

Labor Relations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Labor Relations - Term Paper ExampleA full-grown number of western nations to some extent decriminalized come to actions in the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century. In some cases, strikes are utilized to compel administrations to alter laws. Intermittently, labor strikes subvert the leading of a specified ruler or political party. In such instances, labor strikes are presumed to be part of a larger social force. This piece of music will look at a historically significant labor strike and the issues involved in the strike. The textile industry had begun spreading to the south in the 1880s. By the year 1933, mills located in the south manufactured over 70% of woolen and cotton textiles in more novel mills. They pull this number from a group of displaced laborers and farmers eager to toil for less amounts than laborers and farmers on the north part (Irons 22). The labor strike was as a result of a number of factors. The textile sector was severely set apart and was only made up of workers from the flannel race as other areas of the economy. Prior to 1965, after the enactment of the Civil Rights Acts dealt with the issue of race in employment, not more than 2% of textile employees were from the African American race. The mills encountered an obstinate issue of overproduction. The way made workers to toil for longer periods, adding the number of supervisors to prevent employees from leaving work, talking, slowing down during work, and paying them by piece rate. There were events that engulfed issues relating to the strike. When the owners of the mills decreased the workers working hours without increasing the wage rates per hour, in 1934, the United Textile Workers threatened to call for a countrywide strike. The United Textile Workers necessitated for a distinctive skirmish in New York to deal with the issues. The United Textile Workers listed a number of requirements for the textile industry, for example, removal of the stretch-out, a thi rty hour week, restoration of fired employees, confederacy recognition, and minimum earnings of between $13 and $30 weekly (Irons 46). In addition, the Great Depression worsened the situation. The sparing turmoil forced several industries into bankruptcy. Moreover, those industries that endured the economic downfall enhanced the pace and amount of work and sacked employees. Support for the labor strike was largely divided in terms of race. People from the white race enhanced the employees antipathy while the large black society completely took part in the labor strike. For instance, in Gastonia, where law enforcers used delirium to deal with the strike, approximately 5,000 individuals from the black race took part in the Labor Day procession (Irons 133). Nevertheless, the local administration failed to give any form of maintenance to the striking workers and there were less sympathetic unions and churches to give assistance. President Roosevelt formed a mediation board to addres s the issues. The board called for additional investigations into the impacts of the stretch-out and economic issues set about by the workers. The management refused to adopt the recommendations of the board. In addition, the owners of the textile industries declined to restore the striking workers all over the south. The result was a failure by a large number of workers returning to work in the industries (Irons 77). The strike had tremendous effects on the textile industry. The United Texti

MGMT455 U1 IP Theory X & Y Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT455 U1 IP Theory X & Y - Research Paper ExampleThis theory tends to adopt the authoritarian style of charge. Whereas, Theory Y assumes that individuals aim responsibility and they do not need control and direction on each step, they are active, motivated and consider the work as the natural fall apart of their lives, and are capable of achieving higher goals in their jobs. This theory is considered is the participative style of management.One style cannot be used in all situations. It totally depends on the constituent and conditions of the environment and employees. The management can be authoritative in some cases and can also be practical in other cases while a mix of both the theories can result better. The practices of Theory Y can turn out with better results as this will develop confidence and bravery among the employees to work in a relaxed and a comfortable environment. For-example, well and high structured call center operations can get a legitimate amount of benef its by allowing their employees to perform and respond to customers on their comfort and acquaintance level. So, by adapting to Theory Y practices they can appreciate and encourage the overall knowledge sharing processes.The difference between Theory X and Theory Y management is quite noticeable. In my opinion, the management of Theory Y is much more(prenominal) effective and productive than Theory X, as the authoritarian management of Theory X is much adopted in most of the huge firms and organization and leaves less(prenominal) comfortable environment for the employees, whereas most of the organizations allow participative management of the employees which prefer self motivation and appreciate new ideas from the individuals. Considering Theory Y management, many of the organizations use last making processes, in which each employee has the opportunity to share his thoughts and ideas.There are basically two major types of democratic decision making, including, persuasive democra tic management and consultative

How and why is the provision of foreign aid perfceived of as an Essay

How and why is the provision of foreign aid perfceived of as an essential part of OECD states foreign policies - Essay ExampleThis paper examines the query of how and why foreign aid is perceived as an essential part of OECD states foreign policy. In doing this, the paper will examine the position of international aid in the global society. This will be done by investigating the background of foreign aid and cross-border donor activities. The research will identify the challenges in providing development in poor nations and the issues with using force. From these analyses, the paper will move on to look at new trends in aid amongst OECD nations and their motivations for this. Genuine Disparities and bloodless Mans force blank Mans Burden is a poem by an English poet, Rudyard Kipling. It was published in an American newspaper in 1899 and referred to the imperial aspirations by the joined States towards the Philippines Islands (Margolis, 2009). The poem described the burden of the White race to assist and help the poor and less developed nations in the world around that time to come on the proper infrastructure and live a live that was of the best merit for the citizens. At the time White Mans Burden was written, some nations around the world were super backward. Some of them maintained social and cultural systems that barely allowed them to overcome nature and survive. atomic number 63 and other Eurocentric nations ruled by persons of atomic number 63an origins like the unify States, Canada, Australia and the Cape Colony of South Africa were absolutely advanced. These nations had the rightful political structures that were steeped in the rule of law, democracy and the separation of power. The nations had formal educational structures that complemented the concept of work. Through this, slew were equipped with skills in structured educational systems and were presented into the labour force to work and earn remuneration in a formal manner. However, most nations, particularly those in the southern hemisphere had structures that had faced serious setbacks. On a basic analysis, two important reasons can be used to explain this. First of all, most of these communities in Africa, Asia and South America was highly isolated from the rest of the world. And due to that, they could not share ideas with other nations. Secondly, these nations included persons with major diversity differences that made it out(predicate) for such nations to unite on the basis of a common language, common institutions in order to create the rightful environment for democracy and nation-building. On the contrary, Europe had a few languages that formed the basis for the cohesion of huge nations. Also, the role of the Church as a unifying institution created the right framework for Europe to build modern nations (Viault, 1990). So at the turn of the 20th Century, Europe and persons of European origin were way ahead of other nations around the world. The poem, Whit e Mans Burden signified the need for Europeans to spread the institutional structures and systems to developing countries and in the case of the 1899 publication, it was meant to show Americans the need to take up a colonial obligation in the Philippines. The poem showed that imperialism was not only about exploiting poorer nations but also, sharing development and promoting better livelihoods in less developed nations in Africa, Asia and South America (Margolis, 2009). Today, the White Mans Burden continues to subsists. Although most nations in the developed world are overwhelmingly multicultural, there is the need for

Carbon Emission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Carbon Emission - Essay ExampleSome of the activities that take place for the carbon dioxide to be emitted cannot be easily avoided for inquire daily essential activities that make the life of a merciful world complete. Among these activities include, burning fuel to provide warmth during winter, cooking, multivehicle combustion and other industrial activities. The footings temperature has solely increased as a result of carbon dioxide was discovered way back in early 90s afterward a series of argument between the parties who could propose and opposes but in the late 60s they came to an agreement and research on how this gas amass commenced Martha 26). Global warming is indeed a scam, perpetrated by scientists with vested interests, but in need of crash courses in geology, logic and the philosophy of science. (Robinson 77). Due to this concerned, environmentalists give way linked carbon dioxide as a gradually toxic gas capable of being responsible for the complete destruction of the universe in the future tense if caution is not taken. It is an air-based pollutant currently responsible for several thousand of mortality cases and introduction of other clinical conditions mostly respiratory (Robinson 77). Hudson (19) asserts that naturally before human being started industrial activities beyond natures control, the latter could regulate its own proportionality of carbon gases and the oxygen. Animals could inhale oxygen gases, and through reparation and decomposition, carbon was relapsed. This carbon having being a raw material for the formation of food by plants was taken from the environment. Unfortunately, because of human activities that have been characterized as an addition of more carbon in the environment and reduction of the necessary plants which could absorb these gases through deforestation. This has therefore, served as the major cause of an imbalance of these two gases proportionality With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the pho ny science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people? (Hudson 19). And goes ahead to explain how the Findings from a research have suggested that, a rough estimate of more than 20,000 deaths in the whole world have been caused by air pollution cases are said to increase as the temperatures in the primer coat increase by 1 degree Celsius. The study went ahead and proved hoe carbon was correlated by the increment of temperature in the earth and therefore, concluded to be the prime Causer of global warming, and its mortality risk because of the ozone layer development was determined. As compared to the health experts, the environmentalists have blamed the carbon emission for this image played in the negative impacts of the environmental properties and consequently activities with them directly or indirectly involved (Hudson 19). The greatest effect her is abnormal temperature increase, which causes other effects kindred dr ying of water bodies and swamps that significantly affects the life of plants and beasts that were initially suited for such weather. On examining and confidently concluding the effect of this environmental threat, governments mostly from the developed countries under divers(prenominal) environmental related sectors, have come up with strict regulatory based on controlling the

Ip1 personnel and organization policy Research Paper

Ip1 personnel and organization policy - Research Paper ExampleHowever, the tests are base according to the position up for recruitment and the type of responsibilities involved by taking up the position. However, Huffcut (2010) argues that interviews are compulsory inclusions of the tests since the give the candidate and the recruiter an opportunity to score a more indulging conversation and it makes recruitment easier and effective.In an existing organization, HR mangers are tasked with the responsibility of evaluating whether a position would be effectively change with an external or internal candidate. An external candidate has an added advantage since they would bring new working experience in an organization. However, an external selection raises the question of the mightiness of the personnel to adapt to the new organizational culture (Muchinsky, 2012). An internal selection is appropriate since an organization would be able to retain an inbuilt experience and 1 that under stands the existing organizational culture. This would however limit the rate of exposure an organization benefits from in terms of experience and new working criteria (Huffcut,

The current status of immigration, proposed changes to immigration Research Paper

The current status of immigration, proposed changes to immigration policy, and what all of this means for HR - Research physical composition ExampleAn analysis of current and required legal immigration policies is being discussed with the implication to Human Resources. An Overview of Immigration Laws Federal immigration law of United States establishes if every person is eligible to gain residence or citizenship within the country. The law provides a means through which certain individuals may become legally effected citizens with all rights of citizenships. It is the responsibility of Federal government to determine the immigration policies by controlling visa processes. There ar two types of visas immigrant visas and non immigrant visas. Primarily the visitors or tourists are issued non-immigrant visas. However, the holders of immigrant visas may be permitted to stay in the United States by fulfilling few legal requirements (Walsh, 2013). Legal requirement for Immigrants United States, policy makers are providing immigration certify to its current and other abroad field of studys as per their immigration policies underlining the areas of Human Resource so they can make a gullificant contribution in the manpower of any organization. There are legal terms, which are used for individuals who are migrating to the United States depending on their visa status and immigration status hostile National is a term used for members who are not citizens of United States. They can be Lawful Permanent Resident (green card holder), Refugee or interim Resident as per1986 amnesty program when they were appointed by any organization. Nonimmigrant Visa Status is a temporary immigration position, which provides permission for a Foreign National to work or study at any University. It includes H-1B status, TN status, and O-1 status. Immigrant Status, Permanent Residence or green cardis the term given to a status, in which individuals have the right to live, work or study in the United States. A close family member or an employer may sponsor these persons to become changeless residents (Walsh, 2013). Confirmation of Employment Authorization As per the policies it is required by the federal law that all employees which are hired after November 6, 1986, without prejudice, whether the person is U.S. or foreign-national, has to sign United States Citizenship and Immigration Service Form I-9, the Employment Eligibility Verification.Employees must complete Section 1 of Form I-9 and give all originaldocuments or documents as required so that their identity is established. The Director of Employee and Labor Relations then reviews this copy and the information is recorded (Walsh, 2013). Employment of Foreign National Workers As per the policies for Foreign National workers, employees will not be allowed to work for any organization until approved by federal law. The organizations Human Resource plane section will determine if the Foreign National is authori zed to begin employment. In order to be employed by the University, the worker must have a Nonimmigrant Visa or Employment Authorization Document, which is not expired (Walsh, 2013). Immigration Sponsorship does not affect or replace Employment Policies There may be any employers conformity or willingness to sponsor any foreign worker for legal permanent residence. It may not be a gravel of employment and may not supersede any of the employer

How markets fail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

How commercialises fail - Essay ExampleHe said that disdain the fact that there are economic thinkers such as the utopian and reality-based economic thinkers market clear still fail mainly because of the unseen variables. harmonise to Cassidy, market can fail scorn the fact that the prevailing conditions are favorable (403). To many, a financial crisis of such nature in an advance miserliness appears to be a phenomenon of the past. It is like diseases such as smallpox which are still found in poorer countries, but essentially eradicated from the developed countries. However, Cassidy warns that financial crisis can still occur despite the fact that the economy is advanced. Cassidy was aiming at responding to the disaster that hit the western banking system unexpectedly. The financial crisis occurred during the period when most people were expecting autocratic results. Both the utopian thinkers and real-based economic thinkers could not tell what was going to come. They could no t anticipate nor imagined that the disaster would originate at home. All they knew was that there was a evolution current account imbalance between the United States and china and that incase of any form of financial crisis, these two countries are likely to be the offset one to experience the crisis. Most people believed that changes in technology and the impact of globalization had enabled the central bank to figure out the secret to conducting monetary insurance policy in a stabilizing way. Because of this, most people including the economic thinkers believed that the central was equipped with necessary knowledge, skills and know how having kept the economy on track by and by a series of ups and down in the 1990s. Most economies did no even stop to ponder to the highest degree the case of Japan, which experienced economic bubble despite the fact that its economy was advanced. They claim that it would have been a normal phenomenon to find a financial or banking crisis in Japa n given that Tokyo, a crossbreeding economy, lacks real market economy like the Great Britain. Unexpectedly, the disaster struck the economy that was believed to be advanced and strong to resist the tides. Most people, including the economic thinkers had no real answers to the unexpected phenomenon. Cassidy had an idea of what might be the cause of the unusual breakdown. As mentioned above, Cassidy wanted to clarify the fact that in event of financial crisis, bankers do not have bigger responsibilities and therefore, no one should lay blame to them (405). Cassidy argues that even if bankers had tried their best to meet the interest of their shareholders, there is no government agency that would have fulfill the interest of everybody. This is because society, according to Cassidy has different believes and perceptions, which may not be good for banks. Cassidy asserted that the belief that most of the economist have about the market is a mere theory. He particularly criticizes the b elief that most of the proponents of the free markets have about market behavior. Cassidy questioned whether producers and consumers in a free market can lead to a beneficial outcome for a whole society. He also questioned the argument brought forth by the famous economist, Adam metalworker that states that market systems is similar to an enormous decentralized machine for conveying signals and that the resulting outcome is both efficient and stable. Cassidy cautiously explore various areas of these

Need an Abstract only(Urgent) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Need an Abstract only(Urgent) - Essay ExampleSpecifically, we sought to inquire about the number of top quality artists that they always signed or produced songs for, the financial benefits and rewards that they have in terms of turnover in the last fiscal year. Similarly, we sought to inquire if there were any losses or any other unexpected financial loss that they firm or company incurred during the lifecycle of the label existence.In order to arrive at our inferences and conclusion, we did online interviews and guinea pig to face interviews. We sent them structured questions through their websites with the aim of getting answers or responses in line of the areas of our research interest. It is important to note and record that they were sack updid and proficient with us to answer and respond to our questions to the level best of their knowledge. Similarly, we paid them a courtesy call and chew outed them in person at their production house. The physical visit was aimed at get ting the feel of the physical infrastructure, the music production equipment, the talent present in terms of the technical production and the artists and the general mood of the trouble of streamsoundrecords in terms of their vision and mission for the company and its invoketh.During the interview process both online and physical, we arrived at the indisputable truth and fact on what makes the streamsoundrecords to prosper and grow with each passing day. To begin with, they have the best producer in the business, Byron Gallimore, who has produced amazing hits for the last forty years. His skills, talents, experience and expertise has been of good value and worth for the growth and success of the streamsoundrecords label. Secondly, the label only signs artists who have shown a higher pedigree of talent and quality for country music. This is to say that they attract talent which they can fine tune to produce good music relevant in the market for consumption.Our hypothetical stance was

One of the Major EA Frameworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

One of the Major EA Frameworks - Essay Exampleto the Zachman Framework is that the same composite issue or item hatful be explained for diverse reasons in diverse ways using diverse types of descriptions. These descriptions can be for instance textual or graphical (Goldberg, 2008). The Zachman Framework gives the cardinal sextette essential categories for wholly describing everything especially complex issues such as manufactured products like appliances, constructed structures like buildings and enterprises like the associations and all of its technologies, people and goals. The framework gives sixsome diverse transformations of a theoretical thought, not growing in factors, but transforming from six diverse views. It permits diverse individuals to look at similar issues from diverse views. This sets a holistic perspective of the atmosphere, a vital capability illustrated in the framework design (Goldberg, 2008). In 2001, the Zachman Framework was employed by the United States D epartment of Veterans personal business (USDVA). The required methodology in all aspects of the VA enterprises varied from entropy, business processes, location, technical, personnel and perspective requirements. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Department of Veterans Affairs planned to track down an architectural project fully based on the Zachman Framework. In 2001, this Framework was used as a grapheme replica to commence the enterprise architectural planning. Somewhere in between, the Veterans Affair Zachman Framework Portal was created. In addition, the Veterans Affair Framework Portal is still in use as a reference replica for instance in the determination of EA information collected from various businesses and project source documents (Donald 2008). The Zachman Framework has vastly been used as a mode of providing structures for Information... This paper researches on Zachman Framework and explains its strengths and weaknesses. The researcher of this essay also includes the frameworks purpose, scope, principles, and the kinds of structures it uses, as appropriate to the framework. The essay also aims to include at least two examples of organizations that have used the framework and briefly discuss them. Views give the mechanism of obtaining information concerning the relationships that are vital in the architecture. Methods state the individuals who organize and arrive at information. They build the views in a means that helps guarantee the accuracy, integrity and completeness. Experience and training sustains the application of tools and use of varying methods. The Zachman Framework is an EA framework for enterprise architecture. It provides an formalized and greatly planned way of presenting and defining an enterprise. It has two dimensional sorting matrix based on the connection of six communication phrases. These phrases are what, why, when, where, how and who with six rows with an agreement to rectify changes. The Zachman Framework is not a methodology. This is because it does not entail any specified process or method of collection, management, or using the data that it explains. This framework is named after its designer John Zachman, who developed the impression in the 80s at IBM. By applying the Zachman Framework to Service Oriented Architecture, the SO architect creates a framework for accepting the connection among the diverse elements of a successful SOA.

The Effects of the governmental mandatory furlough policy on employees Essay

The Effects of the governmental mandatory furlough policy on employees in Michigan - Essay ExampleThese policies additionally solid ground that employees who are non subject to any collective bargaining contracts when being employed are also subject to abrupt dismissal from employment (Morris, 2005).However, the employees may lay claims against unlikeness in their employment on civil rights grounds. Discrimination based on gender, race, age, disability or religions has been prohibited by the federal and state laws in the States (Schoeni, 2010). These laws state that the employers may dismiss employees who violate the lawful discharge of their duties, refuse to violate a law in the course of their employment or as an exercise of the rights that have been conferred on them (Kingdon & Thurber, 2010). Furlough programs that are mandatory within the state of Michigan have been implemented for the purpose of addressing the budget shortfalls that have go about the city (Bureau of Nation al Affairs, 2009). There are employers who are legible for the mandatory furlough programs from the government while others are ineligible (Morris, 2005). There are several(prenominal) disadvantages and advantages that the employees within the state of Michigan have encountered due to the mandatory furlough programs that the government has introduced.An employee may take any benefits that have been accorded to him without being interrupted by the days that have been set for mandatory furlough. In addition, their health and dental insurances are also unaffected by these mandatory days (Kingdon & Thurber, 2010). The employees within the state of Michigan are allowed to receive holiday pays under these mandatory programs as though they were performing their regular duties at the workplace (Bureau of National Affairs, 2009). The time that employees dish out on mandatory furlough is considered as though they were on regular duty when their benefits under their life insurance schemes are being

Interpretive exercise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interpretive exercise - Assignment ExampleThere argon several different ways that the name is translated. It can be translated essence benefit or bountyas when someone prays, etc. Grace can be an expression of thankswhether for benefits, services, or upgrades. Grace can alike mean some type of recompense or reward for having done a very good job. Another way in which seemliness could be used would be to talk about the actual token or proof or benefit that deck provides. Of course, grace could also mean the eldritch condition in which one finds oneself where one is guided by the power of divine grace. Grace can also mean those things which are they themselves due to grace having been part of their lives. Grace is also hold upn as an exercising of the Christian virtues. Grace keeps one. Grace strengthens one. Grace is supposed to increase us in the Christian faith grace is supposed to undergird our knowledge and inform our affections, kindling us to do good works. Of course, in this passage to the Ephesians, Paul is making an provocation that we not only swallow the grace that has been bestowed upon us by Christ, except this is a call to action helping everyone realize that we are not to take that grace for granted as Christians. Grace affords us joy. It gives us harming moments and moments of delight, sweetness, loveliness, and of course charm. The way Christians act should be undergirded by graceful speech, with goodwill, lovingkindness, and a favor that we can extend to others by simply making a pathway to lead a gracious life, thankful for all that we have and all that we are and all that we do. Matching Up Meanings and Translations The question could then be raised, Does the authors argument in the book suggest a meaning?2 For, living the Christian life is not just about being a poser saying that one loves Jesus. Because, ultimately, it is not merely enough to allege that one has been absolved of all sins and then go out and do whatever one want s. One must live a life that is pleasing to God in any and all aspects of our lives. Next we had to match up these meanings and translations with the Scripture verses in which each appears. It was quite extensive, but basically we saw the equal pattern reoccurring over and over again. It has been said that mercy is not getting something you deserve, while grace is getting something that you dont deserve. Its important to know the difference. As has been aforementioned, there are a great wide variety of meanings that have come to be associated with what grace isas well as what grace is not. By faith are ye saved by grace is one of the calling cards of the New Testament in Ephesians 28a, from the King pack Version. Grace comes from the Greek root charis, and lends itself to the word charity, which does not just mean handouts being given to a bum out on the streetbut charis is also the root word for charity, which also can mean love. Colossians 316 in the King James Version also stat es, Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, tattle with grace in your hearts to the Lord.3 In this case, grace most definitely appears to mean love. But, as it may come as no strike that Paul also wrote this Letter to the Colossians, he is definitely

Ethical or social responsibility issue related to aviation Research Paper

Ethical or social responsibility issue related to strain - Research Paper ExampleThe employees ar required to comply with the letters of the guidelines as well as the spirit of the guidelines. The formal codes of ethical documents are alpha in analyzing the different companies and rating them (Hoppe, 2007). The rating is based on the practical implementation of these codes. It is impenetrableer than it seems to implement these codes due to the various inherent limitations on a day-by-day basis. Therefore, the aviation industry has guidelines on how the codes will be followed. The codes cover the major issues that the airlines face on a day-to-day basis and need to be address constantly. These issues are under different topics depending on different airlines, but can be summarized in three main parts deviation interest, asset defense and working together. Conflict of interest arises when employees encounter situations where they have to choose betwixt the airlines interests an d their own interests (Hoppe, 2007). Most airlines can pinpoint the various situations where conflict of interest may arise, and have guidelines on what actions the employees should take when such situations arise. An example is a situation where an employee receives gifts and rewards from customers, suppliers or other stakeholders in the company for a frolic done. It is common for some passengers to give stewards gifts for their services in the plane. If the customer enjoys good services while travelling with a certain airline, and feels the urge to reward the company, they are likely to reward the stewards since they are the people with whom they are in direct contact. If the employees accept such gifts, they may compromise their moral obligations to the employer if they feel obliged to conglomerate the gift givers demands instead of the employers interests. Most airlines stipulate, in their code of ethics, that the employees should not receive gifts especially when the gifts ar e excessive or too lavish. Most of the passengers who zap a lot are likely to be wealthy, and are likely to give expensive gifts. In this case, the employee who receives the reward should talk to the human resource subdivision in the specific airline if they believe that their ethical conduct might be compromised. Another situation occurs when employees request rewards from clients when they realize that they have to work hard in providing services to these clients (Hoppe, 2007). This is in spite of the fact that the employees are employed to provide such services to the clients. The conflict of interest arises because the employees have to choose between asking for these gifts, thereby serving their own interest, or maintaining a good reputation for the airline. Most airlines strictly prohibit seeking rewards from clients. Another situation could be when employees work for a rival airline (Hoppe, 2007).

How would woman be effected if Roe v. Wade was over turned Essay

How would woman be effected if Roe v. Wade was over turned - Essay ExampleAccording to the online dictionary, stillbirth refers to a premature or miscarriage, that does not result into giving birth. Abortion was legal in most states before 1880, when it was banned in most states buy food when the life of the woman was in danger, due to medical complications. Abortion was illegal up to 1973, during this time, anti- spontaneous abortion movements were largely influenced by efforts to make sure women remained in their traditional roles and as a backlash on birth control movement. During the 1880s, abortion was legal in thirty states and illegal in some twenty states (Leslie, 2000). Banning of abortion was implemented under the Comstock laws, which prohibited allocation on birth control information. The banning of abortion at this time was influenced by fears that the population of new immigrants could expire that of Native Americans. The technology available at that time was backwar d, including the medical industry. Back alley abortions blossomed even when it was illegal. Access to abortion facilities depended on race, economic status and psyches place of residence. Women, especially the poor were subjected to shame and fear due to criminalization of the act. Some of the poor methods of abortion which were performed mostly on poor women convolute administration of strong chemicals and insertion of needles and other equipment into the vagina. Unsafe abortions led to contraction of infections and led to numerous deaths witnessed during that period. No exact figures are available to know the real(a) number of victims, however many women were treated of complications resulting from much(prenominal) botched abortions (Leslie, 2000). Even before abortion was legalized, some experienced and well trained physicians began offering abortion services, even with the risk of imprisonment and loss of their medical licenses. Women who wanted to undergo abortion obtained the information through word of mouth. Making abortion a offense did not reduce the number of abortions, it is estimated that the number of abortion in a year shot up to one and a half million all year. Between the year 1967 and 1973, some states began to liberalize the practice. As we can see, it is right to agree with Lesley Reagan that abortion has been a part of us since the eighteenth century, despite the virtuous and philosophical arguments it brings. The supreme case decision in Roe v. Wade, in 1973, paved way for women to perform safer and legal abortions with experienced medical doctors. Prior to this disparate states allowed abortions under different circumstances, for example, in 1967, the state of Colorado legalized abortion in the cases of incest , rape or if the pregnancy would put the physical health of the mother in danger. This law made away with all this restrictions. The Supreme Court command that the Texas law abolishing abortion except when the life of the m other was in danger, to be criminal. This was ruled on the basis that carrying out an abortion falls under the right to privacy. This piece of legislation removed restrictions on the first trimester of pregnancy placed by different states, only allowed restrictions during later stages of the pregnancy. This decision was celebrated, but some especially the Catholic Church and other conservative churches were against the decision. It is at this time that terms such as pro-life and pro-choice emerged. The terms mean basically imposing restrictions to be imposed to criminalize abortion, and removing

Threat of Information Technology to Law Enforcement Essay Example for Free

Threat of culture Technology to Law Enforcement EssayInformation technology can be defined as Any equipment or inter attached system or subsystem of equipment that is personad in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or answer of data or instruction. The marches information technology includes computers, ancillary equipment, software, firmware and similar procedures, operate (including support services), and related resources. (Section 508 Definitions)In present days, the use of information technology has become a life blood for every organization. In this regard, the internet has greatly effect on the world of business minutes, and the fast value declines of telecommunications bandwidth and computing power are having a dramatic impact on the pecuniary world. All banks and financial institutions have connected their network by use IT and hence made it thinkable that user can with draw and send establishment from whizz place to some other in no time. It becomes very blowsy to make an online debit or quote card payment. Electronic commerce has been rapidly increasing not only in B2B business to business actions barely withal in B2C business to consumer transactions.Simultaneously, the fast expansion of electronic-commerce has brought ab give away important changes in the territory of settlement, which is inevitably incidental to transactions. Paper-based payment by feel out, which is a normally conventional method of settlement, has been used in fewer cases due to a altering connection between sales transactions and settlement with the increase of IT and the expansion of Internet-based financial transactions. However, some new ideas have emerged in terms of legal constitutions, legal theories, legal concepts, and concerning conventional settlement. Use of IT unable the development of procedures financial markets, and instruments that economist in th e past could only theorize about. financial transactions can be settled in real time although the contracting parties whitethorn be hundreds of miles apart.As technology has progressed, Electronic- notes is organism introduced as the newest method of exchanging value. Obviously, the electronic exchange of money is by no means a new invention. financial institutions and Banks have been using computers to deal with one another for quite some time. Alone in the United States, in terms of the volume of dollars exchanged, the computer-based Fed- electrify and Clearing theatre Inter-bank Payments System (or CHIPS) together account for 90 percent of all transactions. Besides, 90 percent of individual transactions are still made by check and exchange. With the huge advancement in information technology several payments and collections methods have been developed and used successfully.The upgrade of the Internet and the speed of financial transactions facilitated by computers have expan ded money wash opportunities and activities in the latter half of the 1990s. thither are increasing egresss of Webs sites that solicit money for transfer offshore, the betterment of internet gambling and of virtual banking have made it possible to launder money without any infrastructure to run or regulate supranational banking operations. Instead, the rise of information technology and the growth of uncrackable encryption have provided the possibility of laundering money with greater facility and with almost perfect anonymity. All that is needed is a computer. (Shelley, n.p.)The rise of the new IT has helped an incredible communications revolution, besides it has led to the growth of money laundering in some of the most remote areas in the world. Some important locations include Nauru, Vanuatu and the Marshall Islands through whose banks zillions have been laundered in the last couple of decades. Facilitating the rise of virtual banking in offshore locations has been the willi ngness of major banks to have got silver that have been routed through these locales. While well-written software could screen these transactions and prevent the absorption of these currency into mainstream banking centers, this has not occurred. (Shelley, n.p.)What is coin launder? Electronic Money Laundering covers the ABCs of money laundering and its connection to do drugs trafficking, terrorism and the global underground economy. It traces the relevant statutory history from the Bank Secrecy cultivate of 1970 onward. (Farber, n.p.)How Money is LaunderedTypically, by moving it from one state to another electronically or physically and obscuring its origin through complicated financial transactions. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), calculates of the amount of money laundered yearly worldwide from the illicit drug trade alone range between $US three hundred billion and $US 500 billion.Usually money laundering has three stages placement, where illicit notes is converted into monetary instruments or deposited into financial system accounts layering, where the funds are moved to other financial Institutions and integration, where these funds are used to acquire assets or fund further activities. The credit card industry includes(1) creed card associations (associations), such as VISA and MasterCard, which license their member banks to issue bankcards, or authorize merchants to accept those cards, or both(2) Issuing banks, which solicit electromotive force customers and issue the credit cards acquiring banks, which process transactions for merchants that accept credit cards and(3) third-party processors, which contract with issuing or acquiring banks to provide transaction processing and other credit cardrelated services for the banks.( Money Laundering Extent of Money Laundering through Credit separate is Unknown, pg, 1, 2) match to Assistant Director James E. Finch, of the FBIs Cyber Division The advent of new electronic currency systems increase s the risk that criminals, and possibly terrorists, will exploit these systems to launder money and transfer funds globally to avoid law enforcement scrutiny and circumvent banking regulations and reporting. (Digital Currency Business E-Gold)Representatives of regulatory bodies, law enforcement agencies and gaming and credit card industries expressed mixed views concerning the vulnerability of Internet gambling to money laundering. tally to law enforcement officials gambling on internet could be used as a patriarchal motive for laundering criminal proceeds at the comparatively obscure layering stage of money laundering.Moreover, officials admitted the lack of adjudicated cases involving money laundering via internet gambling sites but referred what they believe to be leading factors, including the deficiency of any industry regulations or oversight. Regulatory gaming and banking officials did not consider internet gambling as being especially susceptible to money laundering.Parti cularly, when credit cards, which make a transaction record and are subject to comparatively low transaction limits, are utilize for payment. Similarly, officials of gaming industry and credit card did not believe Internet gambling posed any peculiar risks in terms of money laundering. According to gaming industry officials Internet gambling was any more or less vulnerable to money laundering than other types of E-commerce, in their view, the financial industry, which is firsthand responsible for the payments system, is suited to monitoring for doubtful activity in the area than the gaming industry itself.Money Laundering MethodsElectronic Funds Transfer besides known as wire transfer or telegraphic transfer, this method of money laundering consists of sending funds electronically from one nation to another in order to avoid the need to physically transport the currency.Postal Money OrdersThe purchase of money orders for cash provides opportunities to money launderers to send the se financial instruments out of the state for deposit into overseas or offshore account.Credit CardsOverpaying credit cards and keeping a high balance in credit cards gives money launderers right of entry to these funds to purchase high value items or to change the credit balance into checks.CasinosIn this method cash may be taken to a casino to buy chips which can then be redeemed for a casino check.RefiningIn this method the money launderer exchange small denomination bills for larger ones and can be carried out by a person who change the bills at a number of different banks in order not to raise suspicion.Structuring SmurfingSmurfing is perhaps the most used money laundering method. In this method many peoples who deposit cash into bank accounts or purchase bank drafts in amounts under $10,000 value to avoid the reporting threshold.Currency Exchanges and Money Services Currency exchanges and Money services render a service that enables peoples to exchange overseas currency that can then be transported out of the city or country. Money can also be wired to accounts in other states. Other services provided by these businesses include the travelers checks, sale of money orders, and cashiers cheques.Asset Purchases with Bulk immediate paymentIn method of money laundering a money launderer may but high value items akin cars, boats or other luxury items like electronics and jewelry. Money launderers will use these items but will distance themselves by having them registered or bought in a companys name.Legitimate Business Individuals or criminal groups may invest or take over in businesses that usually handle a high cash transaction volume in order to mix the illicit moves with those of the licit business. twists may also buy businesses that receive cash payments, including bars currency exchange shops restaurants, night clubs, and vending forge corporations.Money launderer will then insert criminal funds as false income mixed with revenue that would not oth erwise be adequate to bear on a real business.Value TamperingMoney launderers may look for prop owners who agree to sell their property, on paper, at a price under its actual value and then accept the difference of the purchase price under the table. In this way, the launderer can, for example, purchase a $2 million dollar property for $1 million, while secretly passing the balance to the seller. After holding the property for a period of time, the launderer then sells it for its true value of $2 million. (Money Laundering A Preventive Guide)Loan BackIn this money laundering method a criminal furnishes an associate with a sum of bastard money and the associate makes the paperwork for mortgage or a loan back to the criminal for the same amount, including all of the essential documentation.This makes a false impression that the criminals funds are legitimate about our national security. (Electronic Money Laundering An environmental Scan)Effects of Money LaunderingMoney launderin g has far-reaching consequencesIt makes crime pay it allows drug traffickers, smugglers and other criminals to expand their operations. This drives up the cost of law enforcement and health care (e.g., treatment of drug addictions).It has the potential to undermine the financial community because of the real magnitude of the sums involved. The potential for corruption increases with the vast amounts of illegally obtained money in circulation.Laundering diminishes government tax revenue and therefore indirectly h blazon honest taxpayers and reduces legitimate job opportunities.Perceived ease of entry to our country attracts an undesirable element across our borders, degrading our quality of life and raising concernsThe key to control of international crime may depend on cutting off the flow of illegal profits to criminal organizations. It is estimated that $300 billion of dirty money may be laundered each year, its origin and ownership obscured as it passes through financial institu tions and across national boundaries in an effort to hide and protect it from law enforcement politics. Criminal organizations, like legitimate businesses, enjoy a swift and nearly risk free conduit for moving money between countries wire transfer systems. Illicit wire transfers are easily hidden among the 700,000 mostly legitimate wire transfers that occur daily in the United States, moving well over $2 jillion. (Information Technologies for the Control of Money Laundering)The OTA was asked by the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs to evaluate the proposed use of techniques derived from AI research to monitor wire transfer traffic and realize doubtful transfers. Furthermore, fully automated computer screening of wire transfers was found to be almost impossible for some technical foul reasons.Nevertheless, OTA analysts developed and assessed a number of alternative configurations of technology that, combined with obvious legal and institutional innovations, could greatly improve the potential of law enforcement agencies to discover and engross money launders seeking to exploit United States. In addition, wire transfer systems and financial institutions all of these suggested configurations entail some social costs and economic, including some possible diminution of financial privacy, strategies are proposed for minimizing these costs while improving the possible usefulness of IT in control of money laundering.Future of Money LaunderingCyber paymentsThe term cyber payments is just one of many used to describe systems which facilitate the transfer of financial value (i.e., digital currency, e-money). In fact, these developments may alter the means by which all types of financial transactions are conducted and financial payment systems are operated. Such transactions may occur via the Internet or through the use of smart cards which unlike debit or credit cards actually contain a microchip, which stores va lue on the card. Some Cyber payments systems use both.E-CashThere are several systems of e-money. There are stored value cards such as MONDEX which is a rechargeable card (charged by putting it in a special slot in an ATM), and is both an access device and a self contained store of value. Further to this is Internet-based payment systems that use the Internets telecommunications capability to facilitate financial transactions with other users. The personal computer which serves as the users interface with the Internet payment system can also store value and is therefore, also an access device and self contained store of value.Morris-Cotterill (How Not To Be a Money Launderer, 1996) describes the Internet as being one of the greatest opportunities for laundering because of the total lack of traceable transactions, the use of encryption software will further make transactions totally secure.With the Internet, being connected to anywhere in the world is no problem and this will allow c ross border movements of capital to take place. It remains to be seen whether money laundering managers take advantage of these new technologies to circumvent any legislation on other traditional laundering techniques (smurfing, wire transfers, bank drafts for example). It is however, a worry to the authorities. (International Money Laundering Information Bureau)Conclusion Money laundering may have shocking social consequences. Laundered funds furnish financial support for arms dealers, drug traffickers and other criminals to operate and expand their operations. Investigations disclose that criminals manipulate financial systems in Canada and other countries to support a broad range of illicit activities. For instance, drug trafficking alone generates millions of dollars in illicit funds for criminal organizations annually. Businesses backed by the proceeds from crime produce unfair competition and can insolvent legitimate competition in the market.Works CitedDigital Currency Busine ss E-Gold Indicted for Money Laundering and Illegal Moneyhttp//www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2007/April/07_crm_301.html Accessed, June 14, 2007Electronic Money Laundering An Environmental Scanhttp//ww2.ps-sp.gc.ca/publications/crim_jus/money_laundering_e.aspAccessed, June 14, 2007Farber Dave, (08 Dec 1995), IP Information Technology for Control of Money LaunderingInformation Technologies for the Control of Money Launderinghttp//stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecordmetadataPrefix=htmlidentifier=ADA336940Accessed, June 14, 2007International Money Laundering Information Bureauhttp//www.imlib.org/page13_future.html Accessed, June 14, 2007Money Laundering A Preventive Guidehttp//www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/poc/launder_e.htm Accessed, June 14, 2007Money Laundering Extent of Money Laundering through Credit Cards is Unknown (July, 2002 ) Report to the Chairman, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, (page 1,2)Section 508 Definitionshttp//www.grc.nasa.gov/ WWW/Purchase/Section_508_def.htm Accessed, June 14, 2007Shelley Louise (n.d.), Money Laundering, Organized Crime and Corruption

God and Morality Essay Example for Free

divinity and incorruptity EssayThe question is this Is it possible to be of good chaste character while non believing in God? Looking at the definition of godliness as defined in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy the term morality mountain be used descriptively or actively. A to refer to close to code of conduct put in the lead by a corporation or some other group much(prenominal) as sacred. Or put forward by a society and is acceptable to an individual for his or her have got behavior. B to refer to a code of conduct that, given specific conditions would be put forward by alone rational persons. morality appears to be separate from religion and although non spoken of or referred to as such thither ar different groups of moral persons, not all are viewed as good or expert. Some examples may include Christian morality, Nazi morality, Greek morality etc. At quantify etiquette is included as part of morality. Hobbs expresses a standard view when he talks ab out manners. By manners I fee-tail not here decency of behavior, as how one man should salute another, or how a man should wash his mouth or pick his teeth before company and such other parts of small ethics, but those qualities of mankind that concern their living together in peace and unity. (Hobbs, 2010). The laws and our legal system is distinguished by a moral system that includes having scripted laws or rules, penalties and officials to make the laws and enforce God and Morality pg. 3 the laws and then penalize. Laws are often evaluated on moral grounds. Moral critisism is often used to support a change in a current law or to design a new law. Religion differs from morality or having a moral system. Religious morality is based on stories or events that are past. These stories and events are used to justify the behavior that religion prohibits or requires.At times morality is regarded as the code of conduct that is put forward by religion. Morality is thought by many to need some religious explanation or justification. However, just as with law some practices and precepts are critical on moral grounds. Morals provide us with a guide for conduct, where as religion is al musical modes more than that. The definition and description of morality tells us that morality is a belief system that follows the rule of excellence. It is similar to a blanket oer society and is separate from religion. Even in these times morality is always in question.In an article written by a Baltimore Sun journalist titled The Morality Brigade. The writer expresses his opinion onto his readers stating that Were still legislating and regulating private morality, while at the same time ignoring the much larger crisis of human race morality in America. (Reich, R. 2013) He continues on to back up his accusations. He writes that legislatures in North Dakota passed a bill ejectning abortions after 6 weeks. (At which time a heart beat is detectable) as well as approved a fall referen dum that could ban all abortions by defining human life beginning at the time of conception.He continues on that these same legislatures God and Morality pg. 4 bother about fetuses but they show little concern for what happens to children after they are born. They and other conservatives leave been cutting funding for child nutrition, health care for infants and their mothers, and schools. (Reich, R. 2013). This is just an example of American Morality. So it seems that at this point I have defined what morality is and how it can be applied. I have also touched(p) on Religion and Morality being a very separate entity.Now I will discuss God and Morals. It is very possible for a person to not confide in God and posses high moral standards. Understanding that the person being moral is not due to their belief in God, it is independent of that. Having a belief in God is dogmatic to say the least. There is no rational way to say that God exists. To believe in God one must bypass reaso n and embrace faith. This is ok if believing in God gives a person comfort and security, although if we tie God to morality it may become problematic.Something as important and influential as morality should not be based on a dogma. If at that place is no proof that God exists beyond a shadow of a doubt than why do plenty still believe? Indoctrinate plays more of a role than rational and clear thinking. Religious indoctrination caters to our psychological insecurities and needs, not to reason. Think of some things that we know do not exist. An example would be the tooth fairy or maybe unicorns. We are proud to be skeptical and disapproving, however religion tells us when it comes to believing in God, faith is a virtue. God and Morality pg. 5.Morality is an autonomous human virtue that is independent of God. Otherwise, it would not be possible that atheists behave with impeccable moral standards and so many God believers do not have any morals. Let it also be noted that the great m oral traditions of the world do not bring God into morality. Two of the close to seed and adored moral traditions in the east, Confucianism and Buddhism do not believe in God. The roots of morality in the west are in the psyche of ancient Greeks, especially Plato and Aristotle who based their morality on reason alone, not on any dogma.It appears that religions who originate in the Middle East have a pronounced inclination to base morality on God. These same religions are also the most violent ones in history, killing many in the work of God. There is no evidence that theists are more moral than monotheists. Physiological studies have failed to find a significant correlation among the frequency of religious worship and moral conduct. An example is that convicted criminals are much more likely to be theists than not. With this being said it is a clear assumption that good people do good because they want to do good.It is not because they personally benefit from the good they do o r because they are being forced. Fundamentalists perceive that the universal moral standards are required for the proper function of a society. Philosophers as diverse as Plato, Immanuel Kant, nates Stuart Mill, George Edward Moore, and John Rawls have demonstrated to us that it is possible to have universal morality without having a belief in God. God and Morality pg. 6 As is stated by Paul Kurtz One needs no theological grounds to justify these elementary principles. They are rooted in Human experience. (Kurtz, P.1996)Now we will discuss that morality and God are joined and that religious beliefs are linked to the morality of each and every person who chooses to live their life in a moral way. If God does not exist, says Dostoyevskys Ivan Karamazov, everything is permitted, which means that we as humans can make choices whether they are good or bad, hurtful or nice. The direction in which society is going in suggests that people have lost their way. Too many bad things happen d ue to human badness. God is no longer allowed in public places, schools, government agencies, etc.This argument suggests that because God has slowly disappeared from our day to day lives society is going d knowledgehill at a very fast pace. Does this mean that God is linked to morals in our modern society? Fundamentalists claim that all ills in todays society such as aids and out of wed lock pregnancy are a direct result of a dislocation in morality and this breakdown is due to a decline in the belief in God. The view that God created the moral law is often called the Divine Command Theory of morals According to this view is that what makes an action right is that God wills it to be done.All standards that we live by have consequences if not followed or adhered to. There is the fear of punishment. If we stronghold in our car we are given a ticket. If we God and Morality pg. 7 Sin our souls will spend eternity in hell. heaven and hell on earth are often construed as the carrot a nd the stick that God dangles in front of to make us tow the line, to keep on the straight and narrow. Heaven is the reward and hell is the punishment. Would society be able to function correctly and chastely if these rewards and punishments were not in plain view?We have lawmakers and peacekeepers all over the world to admirer make and enforce the laws so that people know there are consequences. Morals are no different. They help define a persons goodness and worthiness of the ultimate reward, eternity in heaven. Moral standards without moral sanctions just simply do not mean much. some(prenominal) person who thinks that it is sufficient to have relative standards that are based upon what groups or individuals feel is right or just cannot see a connection between God and morality.Moral principles such as dont steal, dont murder etc.must be objective and practiced by all putt aside any personal conflicts. When people accept moral principles without having a reason to they do not hold these principles as closely as individual who believes in God simply because there are no carrot or stick to hold them in place where they need to be, rather a personal belief or a mandated belief by societal rules in what is right or wrong If we recognize that God does exist than we recognize that God created the world and mankind in his own likeness. For this argument it makes sense to say that God controls the world which justifies ethical obligations.To deny Gods foundation we God and Morality pg. 8 Are ethically obligated to what exactly? We typically learn morality from our parents and from those we love, we are conditioned to follow a morally righteous path in life, however to have such a standard of moral obligation can only be granted by God, binding every person and demanding such impeccable respect. By letting God into our lives we are accepting good instead of evil, we are consummating the fact that we are moral and ethical. By allowing Gods teachings and praise i nto our lives we are promised a more enriching morally accepted life.My view prior to doing any research was that Yes You can lead a moral life without having a belief in God. I was raised Catholic, I even went to Catholic school, however, I have questioned my own religion over the years and now I have turned my back on it. I do bring my children to church which allows them to draw their own conclusions about God. I want them to have that choice in life and of course I would never condemn them for believing in God. It is just my personal choice. I live in the Bible belt and I always get asked the question, where do you go to church? I typically tell them that I do not go to church, which is similar to having the plague. It is not that I am not a good person. I feel that I am. Any morals and values that I have my parents have instilled in me. I also believe that the rules or commandments of God are simply a guide schematic at the time the bible was written to keep society in line. I absolutely agree with the fact of you do not have to believe in God to be moral. I make choices everyday and my choices are based on God and Morality pg.9the things that I believe to be the topper choice for the people I love, people I do not know and myself. I have never had any problems reaching out to help another person whether I knew them or not. I also feel that I go above and beyond at times helping others when I need to. Living a good moral life is a choice and I do it for no other reason than to be there for someone else. I do not do it for glory or self righteousness, or because someone is looking, I do it because for me it is all about treating others the way I wish to be treated. God and Morality pg.10 References Baumin, S. (2008) Antitheism and Morality. Philosophical Forum retrieved March 27, 2013 from http//dx. doi. org/10. 111/j. 1467-9191. 2007. 00282. x Frame and Poythress. A debate between John Frame and Paul Kurtz. Do we Need God to be Moral? retrieved March 25, , 2013 from http// poythress. org/do-we-need-god-to-be-moral/ Gert, Bernard. (2012) The Definition of Morality. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalto (ed. ), retrieved March 27, 2013 from http//plato. stanford. edu/archives/fall2012/entries/morality-definition.Merrill, K. R. (2012) Spectres of False DivinityHumes Moral Atheism. Retrieved March 25, 2013 from http//search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/docview/1288432167. accountid=32521 Reich, R. B. (2013)The Morality Brigade retrieved March 27,2013 from http//baltimoresun. com/opinion/bal-the-morality-brigade-20130326,0,146487 God and Morality pg. 11 Schick, T. Jr. (1995)Morality Requires God. or Does it? Retrieved March 25, 2013 from http//www. secular. humanism. org/index. php? section=librarypage=schick_17_3.

Inanna vs. Oedipus Rex Essay Example for Free

Inanna vs. Oedipus Rex EssayShe wondered How long will it be until I have a shinning throne to set upon? How long will it be until I have a shinning bed to lie upon? The huluppu-tree is a metaphor of Inanna herself. The trees growth symbolizes Inannas growth in her own life. When she mentions that she wants to subscribe to a thrown and bed for herself, she is foreshadowing her destiny of becoming a queen. This was her first test in becoming a leader. A leader inevitably to know how to be responsible for something or someone. They need to show that they care and can put forth trem repealous effort toward what is important.In many instances through and through out the story, Inanna showed responsibility and maturity, but this was her first sight of it. After a couple years of waiting for the bark to split so that she can pull in her thrown and bed, A serpent who could not be charmed made its nest in the roots of the huluppu-tree. The Anzu-bird set his young in the branches o f the tree. And the dark maid Lilith built her home in the trunk. (Pg. 6Lines 1-4) The three things that built their home in the tree was the next test that he needed to overcome so that she can start her life in becoming a woman.When these struggles started in her life, she knew that she couldnt do it alone, so she asked for serve up. She first asked her brother Utu, The Sun God. He would not help her. So she thence asked her other brother, Gilgamesh who agreed to help. He put on his armor and grabbed his bronze ax and entered Inannas holy garden. He struck the serpent and then the Anzubirds flew away. Finally the Lilth smashed her home and fled. Gilgamash then carved a throne and bed for Inanna using the tree trunk. This portrays a strong leadership quality in Inanna, which is openness.A leader needs to be able to listen to new ideas, even if they do not conform to the usual way of thinking. They need to be able to know that sometimes they might not be right, and have to listen to someone else. Inanna knew she couldnt do it on her own, and she needed help. Asking for help was a learning step for her in maturing her leadership qualities. Oedipus showed different leadership qualities as Inanna, which were determination and integrity. When the blight hit the townspeople the second time, Oedipus as determined to end it.Just as he did when he first entered the town and solved the riddle. He sent many men out to find who killed the king and promised the town that he would find this man and end the plague. Ironically, who he was looking for was himself. He was the murderer of the king and the husband of his mother. When his guilt, no longer see those they should never seen, nor see, unseeing, those he had longed to see, henceforth seeing nothing but night To this wild tune he pierced his eyeballs time and tie again, till bloody tears ran overthrow his beard. (Pg. 1 Lines 7-12) Oedipus was a very strong leader.He put an exceptional amount of effort and respons ibility towards the people of the city. He was determined to end the plague for his people of Thebes. When he found out that he was the man he was looking for, he punished himself. Instead of killing himself, he pierced his look out so he has to live the rest of his life knowing that all of his answers were right in front of him, but he couldnt see it. This is why he was a great leader. He had the most power in the whole city and could have easily accused someone else. Yet he punishes himself Just as would if it was another man.This shows a great amount of integrity. He never veered from his inner values, even when it was expeditious to do so. I think that Inanna has better leadership skills than Oedipus because she is more experienced. Oedipus has natural leadership qualities. Inanna was tested throughout her life, which made her a stronger leader. The one part of her life that made her a better leader than Oedipus was when she decented herself to the underworld. My Lady abandone d heaven and earth to decened to the underworld. Inanna abandoned heaven and earth to decened to the underworld.She abandoned her office of holy priestess to decened to the underworld. (pg. 52Lines 4-6) This shows great leadership qualities. She was striving so much to be great, she never experienced the difficulties of life. So she descended herself so that she can experience the other side of life. This was the biggest step into making her the leader that she was. Oedipus is nothing equivalent Inanna in the sense of leadership. Through out the story of Inanna, she works to achieve royality, experience both sides of life and doesnt help nyone but herself on the way..

Honey Markets in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve (NBR)

passion Markets in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve (NBR)pA STUDY ON THE HONEY MARKETS OF NILGIRIS BIOSPHERE restrainINSTITUTE OF RURAL MANAGEMENT ANANDEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe project that we have worked on is Honey merchandises in the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve (NBR). In this speculate we have traced the melt of dear from the passion hunters of NBR to the end consumers. This study is a part of a larger study, Darwin foremost, aimed at studying the underlying linkages between Bees, Biodiversity and Livelihood in the NBR, undertaken by Keystone foundation along with University of East Anglia and Bees for Development.For the study on Honey markets in the NBR, sextuplet orders were chosen from the sixteen sites chosen for Darwin Initiative, based on the availableness of the site, the predominant trade channels present (based on previously available information, the sites were divided as dress and unceremonial markets), the soma of love hunters in the site (used as a proxy to de termine join of dulcify undisturbed in the sites to ensure presence of high and low honey collecting rural areas) and too ensuring that all the three solid grounds (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh) were represented. Three sites with formal trade channels and three sites with informal trade channels were selected. In the selected sites, a few honey hunters, all the traders and institutional purchasers and tone officials were interviewed to compose the value kitchen stove of honey.The impact of Price, Credit, State regulation, Volume of honey collected in the site, presence of an accessible institutional buyer at the site, presence of a powerful leader and direct access of consumers to the honey hunters on the sale of honey by the honey hunter was canvas and analyzed across the six sites. Of the factors considered, price, presence of an institutional buyer and the presence of a powerful leader had a significant impact on the fertilize of honey. Based on the above ob tained information, the value chain of honey was drawn for all the six sites.1. INTRODUCTIONThe project that we had to work is Honey flow in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. In this study we have analyzed the flow of honey from the native indigenous honey hunters in the afforest to the end consumers in the area of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. check to the Codex Alimentarius the definition of honey is as follows Honey is the unfermented, natural sweet substance produced by honeybees from the nectar of blossoms or from secretions of living parts of plants or excretions of plant-sucking insects on the living parts of plants, which honeybees collect, transform and combine with specific substances of their own, store and leave in the honey comb to ripen and mature. Honey shall not have both objectionable flavour, aroma or taint absorbed from foreign matter during its production, harvesting, processing and storage and shall not contain natural plant toxins in an amount that may constitute h azard to health. The honey collected in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is from four different sources depending on the emblem of honey bees collecting them i.e. genus Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, Apis florea and Apis dammer.Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is the first internationally designated Biosphere Reserve of India. It was established in the year 1986 under the proposition of UNESCO. It comprises the three states of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It covers 0.15% of Indias land area i.e. an area of 5520 sq. km and is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. The NBR has six protected areas and more than five different types of forests. The major honey zones in the area include Kotagiri and Coonoor areas of Nilgiris, Sigur, Mukkurthi, Mudumalai, Bandipur, Nagarhole, Wynad, Silent Valley, Nilambur, and New Amarambalam Reserve quality, Attapadi Valley, Pillur Valley, Anaikatti, Boluvampatti and Sathyamangalam Hills. It also home to a large number of indigenous communities, most of them f orest dwellers and hunter gatherers. in that location around eighteen ethnic congregations living in the area each of these having small populations and living in geographical concentrations. Not all the ethnic groups aim in honey hunt down, the main honey hunters are Sholigas, Kattunaickens, Kurumbas, Cholanaickens and Irulas. Todas generally collect honey for home consumption and minor sales. The dorsata honey which is generally obtained from combs that are build in cliffs and not all the tribals engage in cliff honey hunting. Kurumbas are the experts in cliff hunting of honey whereas Irulas collect it from giant trees. The cerana honey is generally collected from tree cavities whereas florea and dammer honey is collected in small quantities from twigs and cavities in walls. The dammer honey is highly priced and used for medicinal purposes. Each of this ethnic group specializes in different ways and methods to collect honey which has given rise to specific techniques and trad itions. Honey hunting is a seasonal activity for them it starts in skirt and extends up to June. Thus the activity happens yet for a period of three to four months in a year. Honey forms a component of the Non Timber Forest Produce which is commonly known as Minor Forest Produce.In this study we have tried to capture the existing market for honey direct in the major honey zones of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve. We met the different native honey hunters engaged in this vocation and enquired about the various selling options that they have.This study looks at how markets mold work in these areas and identifies and analyses the factors affecting the honey market. The study tries to explore the various channels through and through which honey reaches the consumer from the hunter. It also analyzes the major factors affecting the emergence and organic law of particular channel in an area. The study also tries to explain how each channel function in an area, the intermediaries invol ved, their roles in the channel. The study also describes the value chain of honey with the prices at which different intermediaries purchase honey and wax. For the purpose of study specific sites were selected in the NBR to study the honey market and track the honey flow. This reveal begins by giving a brief idea about the context in which these markets are operating followed by the methodology adopted for the selection of sites. The market existing in these sites are then described followed by an analysis of all the sites.2. POLICIES AND STATE REGULATIONSThere is neither any policy on NTFP in the state of Karnataka or any laws that have direct consequences on NTFP its array, processing and marketing. Several legal documents have some rules regarding the extraction of certain NTFPs such as the Karnataka Forest Manual, The Karnataka Forest mask 1963 etc but by far it does not restrict the collection of honey. The state of Karnataka has defined MFP through its Karnataka Forest Act , 1963 as forest produce other than timber, sandal wood, firewood, charcoals, bamboos and minerals, and includes forest produce such as myrobolans, barks, fibres, flosses, gums, resin, dyes, grass, leaves, roots, fruits, seeds, creepers, reeds, moss, lichens, wood-oil, honey, wax, lac, wild animals, wild birds, horns, hides, bones, tusks etc. The Karnataka Forest department has allowed the collection of 45 items from the leased forest areas. The price fixation of these MFPs is done by Karnataka LAMPS.The Tamilnadu Forest department allowed 23 items for collection from the leased forest areas. There is no proper definition for MFP in the state. The price fixation mechanism operating for these products is through the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. Honey does not figure in the list of allowable items for collection.In the state of Kerala, forest department permitted 100 items to Tribal Services Cooperative Societies(TSCS) for extraction from the leased forest areas. The price fixation m echanism operating here is through Kerala Minor Forest Products committee. Honey and wax collection in the state is not banned but it is regulated through Cooperative Societies.In these states for several(prenominal) years the trade of NTFP had been in favour of occult contractors. Recently the government guideline for constitution of Village Forest Committee has, to some extent, kept the private traders away but the NTFP market is still with the hand of those traders. With the absence of any legal documents, the states like Tamil Nadu have complicated the NTFP management. The Tamil Nadu state Act has not defined NTFP and there are no transit rules for movement of produces outside the states.3. METHODOLOGYThe study was carried out in a sample of six sites out of the total sixteen Darwin sites. The sampling which was suggested earlier on societies may not give a uniform analysis as these function only in Kerala and parts of Karnataka. Hence we have chosen six Darwin sites for the pu rpose of study. The six sites chosen to study the value chain of honey under the Darwin Initiative were selected on the basis of the following criteria.Type of trade (formal or informal trade).Number of honey hunters in the site.Representation of all the three statesResearch Sites surface area ,StateIndigenousCommunityNo of hhldsNo. Hhlds inter-viewedNo.of Honey hunting HhldsTrade Aspects1BedaguliChamraj NagarKarnatakaSholiga, Kannadiga555525Collection is banned.2KannurSathyTamil NaduSholiga964830Collection is banned in Tamil Nadu, but the Village Forest Council (VFC) collects honey from harvesters along with other NTFPs.3KalidimbamSathyTamil NaduIrula555520Collection is banned in Tamil Nadu, but the Village Forest Council (VFC) collects honey from harvesters along with other NTFPs.4AthoorChamraj NagarKarnatakaSholigas, Kannadiga2 Badaga31035214Collection is banned.5ComopCoonoorTamil NaduKurumba774Honey is change to green shop Keystone in Coonoor both honey as well as beeswax. Occ asionally sold to other local shops as well.6PudukaduCoonoorTamil NaduKurumba34344The Honey is sold to shops on the Coonoor- Mettupalayam highway7SitukunniCoonoorTamil NaduIrula10101-2Sold to local traders, tourists and occasionally to Keystones centre.8KoboKotagiriTamil NaduToda993-4Honey is collected mostly for personal consumption.9Koduthen mundKotagiriTamil NaduToda, Others 4881-2Cerana honey collected for consumption but not regularly.10TunieriKotagiriTamil NaduBadaga, Others32051NoneNone of the signalholds are engaged in HH.11PerurSigurTamil NaduKattunaicken515118The product is sold within the village, tourists and local customers or to Kallur cooperative society in Kerala.12ChemmanathamSigurTamil NaduKasava/Irula44445-10Honey collection is banned. It is collected and sold to local traders or the numerous resorts bordering to the Mudumalai sanctuary.13SiriyoorSigurTamil NaduKasava/Irula/Jenu Kurumba52527-10Honey collection is banned. It is collected and sold to local traders or the numerous resorts adjacent to the Mudumalai sanctuary.14NalaNilamburKeralaKattunaicken, Paniyas545415-20Honey is sold to the cooperative society. Society has a captive market as selling outside is illegal.15MancheriNilamburKeralaCholanaicken145*All caves have Honey HuntersHoney is sold to the society Bees wax is also sold to the society. Society has a captive market as selling outside is illegal.16MundakadavuNilamburKeralaPadinaickens, Paniyas29296Honey is sold to the society and to the local traders. Bees wax is also sold to the society for Rs.120/kg. Society has a captive market as selling outside is illegal.Table 1 Information about honey trade across Darwin sitesAs mentioned above the criteria used for selection of site for the study of value chain of honey from the Darwin sites were the type of trade (formal or informal trade), number of honey hunters in the site and the representation of all the three states.These criteria were apply to the sites in the above mentioned order. The Darwin sites were initially categorized into one of the three trade types prevalent by large. Throughout our study, we have used the terms formal, informal trade to describe the trade channels existing in the different sites. Informal trade includes the honey collection and trade in the area where it is banned by law and is not allowed by the forest officials. This kind of a trade can be seen on the Karnataka part of NBR. By Informal trade we disturb to honey trade with private traders and the flow through informal channels of trade. Here there is no organizational set up for buying honey. The honey traded here is unbilled. Honey trade in Tamil Nadu is not allowed by law but it is permitted by the forest officials. This is also included under informal trade. Honey collection and trade in this area happen with the knowledge of the forest officials. The above mentioned are considered as permitted trade. The permitted trade, can again be formal and informal trade. By forma l trade, we refer to honey trade with organizations like keystone (in Tamil Nadu) or cooperative societies (in Kerala). In this, the honey traded is billed. Honey collection and trade in Kerala is permitted by law. The following table shows the classification of Darwin sites according to the type of tradeTable 2 Classification of Darwin sites based on the type of tradeINFORMAL TRADEFORMAL TRADEATHOORMANCHERIBEDAGULIKANNURPERURKALIDIMBAMSIRIYURNALACHEMMANATHAMMUNDAKADAVUPUTHUKADUCOMOPKOBOKODUTHENMUNDUSITUKUNNITuneri has not been included in the table because no honey collection takes place there. In the following step, the sites were ranked based on the number of honey hunting digestholds present in the village. The following table shows the sites ranked in descending order of honey hunters present in a village.Table 3 Sites selected for the studyINFORMAL TRADEFORMAL TRADENAMEHHNAMEHHBEDAGULI (KARNATAKA)25MANCHERI (KERALA)36PERUR (TN)18KANNUR (TN)30ATHOOR (KARNATAKA)14KALIDIMBAM (T N)20SIRIYUR (TN)7NALA (KERALA)15CHEMMANATHAM (TN)5MUNDAKADAVU (TN)6PUTHUKADU (TN)4COMOP (TN)4KOBO (TN)3KODUTHENMUNDU (TN)1SITUKUNNI (TN)1After the sites were ranked, they were selected based on the number of honey hunters and other factors as mentioned belowAthoor and Bedaguli are the two Darwin sites in Karnataka. In these sites, honey hunting is banned as per the state regulation and is also not permitted by the forest officials. In spite of it, honey is being collected there. Athoor was chosen over Bedaguli in the state of Karnataka because of the following reasons easygoing accessibility.Athoor is located on a highway (Sathyamangalam Mysore highway). Athoor is the only site that is located on a highway and has the possibility of sale to travelers on the road. It has the potential for retail trade by honey hunters.There are nine sites that fall under the informal trade category including the two sites in Karnataka. Of these seven sites, Perur had the highest number of honey hunte rs (more than twice the number of the second highest) and was selected. Koduthenmundu and Situkunni were not selected for low honey flow areas even though they had only one honey hunting house hold each because the hunters here do not go for honey hunting every year. So Kobo with three honey hunting house holds was selected as the site for low honey flow area under the informal trade category.In the formal trade category, Mancheri (even though it has the highest number of honey hunting house holds) was not selected because of accessibility problems. Kannur with thirty house holds was selected as the site for high honey flow and Comop with the least number of honey hunting house holds in the category was selected.Then the selected